EDR-8502 v1

Menon, R. R., Gopalakrishnan, S., Menon, U. K., B, P., Sasidharan, A., Unni C, S. N., Radhakrishnan, N., & Sivadas, S. (2021). Preparation and validation of a new questionnaire to study faculty perception of online teaching - Use of Cronbach’s alpha and pilot. Medica Innovatica, 10(2), 1–6.
This is a good example of conducting a pilot test and Cronbach’s alpha and how to report in a scholarly journal article.

Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting
research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
How to conduct Cronbach’s alpha.

Laerd statistics. (2018). Cronbach's Alpha (α) using SPSS statistics. Lund Research Ltd.
How to conduct Cronbach’s alpha.

Laerd statistics. (2018). Cronbach's Kappa using SPSS statistics. Lund Research Ltd.
How to conduct Cronbach’s alpha in SPSS.

SPSS. (2022). Cronbach’s alpha.
Tutorial showing step-by-step how to conduct Cronbach’s alpha in SPSS.

Laerd statistics. (2018). Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation using SPSS statistics. Lund Research Ltd.
Conducting reliability analyses.

Bidgolili, A. R. S., Vaisi, G. R., & Rad, G. S. (2021). Designing and validating an instrument for measuring the effectiveness of education in medical universities. University of Medical Sciences, 15(4), 272–283.
This peer-reviewed article discusses developing a valid and reliable quantitative questionnaire instrument to measure the effectiveness of education and is a good example of researchers that went through steps to validate an instrument.

Jara, D., Gómez, M. A. , Ortega, E., & Sainz de Baranda, P. (2020). Design, validation, and
reliability of an observational notational instrument for the football goalkeeper’s defensive and offensive technical-tactical actions. Kinesiology, 52(2), 250-257. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.52.2.14
This peer-reviewed article discusses developing a valid and reliable quantitative observational instrument and is a good example of researchers that went through steps to validate an instrument.

Turrado-Sevilla, M. A., & Cantón-Mayo, I. (2022). Design and validation of an instrument to measure educational innovations in primary and pre-primary schools. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 11(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2022.1.727
This peer-reviewed article discusses developing a valid and reliable quantitative questionnaire instrument to measure educational innovations in primary and pre-primary schools and is a good example of researchers that went through the necessary steps to validate an instrument.

Verdugo‑Castro, S., Sánchez‑Gómez, M. C., & García‑Holgado, A. (2022). University students’
views regarding gender in STEM studies: Design and validation of an instrument. Education and Information Technologies, The Official Journal of the IFIP Technical Committee on Education, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11110-8
This peer-reviewed article discusses developing a valid and reliable quantitative questionnaire instrument and is a good example of researchers that went through steps to validate an instrument.

Rust, J., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2020). Modern psychometrics: The science of psychological assessment (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315637686
Chapters 2 and 3 discuss conducting validity and reliability testing on an instrument.

Uhrmann, L., Hovengen, I., Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Bonsaksen, T. (2019). The Norwegian Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-N) – development and pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 26(7), 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2018.1523458
This is a good example of processes taken even when a slight change to an existing instrument was made by the new authors. These authors translated the original questionnaire to Norwegian, thus changing the original questionnaire and thus potentially changing the psychometric outcomes. Authors conducted basic tests to assure validity and reliability after revision such as a pilot test and face validity.

Mohd Fadilah, K. I., Zainol, Z., Ebrahim, M., & Hoong Lee, A. S. (2021). Covid-19 effect on undergraduate computing students’ performance at higher education: Pilot study. 6th IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), 6, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRAIE52900.2021.9703693
This is a good article to read after you have read the Uhrmann et al. (2019) article in this lesson’s optional resource list. Uhrmann et al. conducted face validity tests and a small-scale pilot study but did not run psychometrics because they were not testing the scale. This study conducted a pilot study and then conducted several psychometric tests.